California State Court System

The criminal court system in California is structured to handle cases involving violations of state laws. It consists of several levels, each with specific functions and responsibilities:

1. Superior Courts

Function: The Superior Courts are the trial courts of California, handling all criminal cases, including felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions. Each of California’s 58 counties has a Superior Court.

Process:

• Arraignment: The defendant’s first court appearance, where charges are read, and a plea is entered.
• Preliminary Hearings: For felony cases, a preliminary hearing is held to determine if there is enough evidence to proceed to trial.
• Trial: If the case goes to trial, it is held in the Superior Court. The trial can be by jury or judge (bench trial).
• Sentencing: If the defendant is found guilty, sentencing occurs in the Superior Court.

2. Courts of Appeal

Function: The Courts of Appeal review decisions from the Superior Courts to ensure that the law was applied correctly. They do not retry cases or hear new evidence but review the trial court’s record for legal errors.

Process:

• Filing an Appeal: The defendant can file an appeal if they believe there was a legal error in their trial.
• Review and Decision: A panel of judges reviews the case and issues a decision, which can affirm, reverse, or remand the case back to the trial court.

3. California Supreme Court

Function: The California Supreme Court is the highest court in the state. It has discretionary review over appeals from the Courts of Appeal and mandatory review in cases involving the death penalty.

Process:

• Petitions for Review: The Court decides which cases to review, except for death penalty cases, which are automatically reviewed.
• Oral Arguments and Decisions: The Court hears oral arguments and issues written opinions that serve as binding precedents for all lower courts in California.

Differences Between California State and Federal Court Systems

Jurisdiction

State Courts:

• Jurisdiction: State courts handle cases involving violations of state laws, including most criminal cases, family law, probate, and personal injury cases.
• Examples: Theft, assault, murder, drug offenses (under state law), and traffic violations.

Federal Courts:

• Jurisdiction: Federal courts handle cases involving federal laws, the U.S. Constitution, disputes between states, and cases involving foreign governments. They also hear cases involving federal crimes and civil rights violations.
• Examples: Federal drug offenses, mail fraud, immigration violations, terrorism, and cases involving federal agencies.

Structure

California State Courts:

• Superior Courts: Handle all trial matters.
• Courts of Appeal: Intermediate appellate courts reviewing trial court decisions.
• California Supreme Court: The highest state court with discretionary review power.

Federal Courts:

• District Courts: The trial courts of the federal system where most federal cases begin.
• Courts of Appeals (Circuit Courts): Intermediate appellate courts that review decisions from the district courts.
• U.S. Supreme Court: The highest court in the federal system with discretionary review power over all federal and state court cases involving federal law.

Judges

State Courts:

• Selection: Judges are typically elected by the public or appointed by the governor and then subject to retention elections.
• Term Length: Terms vary, but California Superior Court judges serve six-year terms, while appellate and Supreme Court justices serve 12-year terms.

Federal Courts:

• Selection: Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
• Term Length: Federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, serve lifetime appointments, ensuring judicial independence.

Case Procedures

State Courts:

• Criminal Procedures: Governed by state law and rules of criminal procedure.
• Evidence Rules: Follow state rules of evidence, which may vary from federal rules.

Federal Courts:

• Criminal Procedures: Governed by federal laws and Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
• Evidence Rules: Follow the Federal Rules of Evidence, which are uniform across all federal courts.

Appeals Process

State Courts:

• State Appeals: Cases are appealed to the state Courts of Appeal and then potentially to the state Supreme Court.
• Final Authority: The state Supreme Court is the final authority on state law, except where federal issues are involved.

Federal Courts:

• Federal Appeals: Cases are appealed to the U.S. Courts of Appeals (Circuit Courts) and potentially to the U.S. Supreme Court.
• Final Authority: The U.S. Supreme Court is the final authority on federal law and constitutional issues.

Conclusion

The criminal court system in California is designed to handle violations of state law, with a structured hierarchy from Superior Courts to the California Supreme Court. In contrast, the federal court system deals with violations of federal law and constitutional issues, structured from District Courts to the U.S. Supreme Court. Understanding these differences is crucial for navigating legal proceedings and ensuring proper representation in both state and federal courts.